What is concentration polarization?

Concentration polarization refers to the phenomenon where the concentration of solutes, particles, or other materials builds up near a membrane or surface during processes such as filtration or membrane separation. This occurs because the movement of solutes to the membrane surface is hindered, leading to an accumulation at that boundary while the bulk fluid remains at a different concentration.

This increased concentration can significantly impact the efficiency of filtration systems, as it may result in reduced permeate flow rates and increased backpressure, making it harder for the system to function effectively. Understanding concentration polarization is crucial for designing operational parameters and maintaining the performance of various wastewater treatment processes.

The other options do not accurately describe this specific phenomenon. Reducing water viscosity, increasing liquid temperature, or decreasing particle size in solutions are not associated with the buildup of particles at a membrane due to flow dynamics.